I-APL runs on any ST. It will display the entire APL character set in both
medium and high resolutions.
To start I-APL, double click on the IAPL.TOS icon. Alternatively, to save
memory, the IAPL.TOS program can be copied into an AUTO folder, and renamed
as IAPL.PRG. I-APL will then run automatically when the machine is turned
on or reset with the disk in drive A. Around 30K of memory is gained using
this method.
To exit I-APL type ')OFF'.
---- 4.2 Using the keyboard --------------------------------------------------
To allow entry of the special APL characters, the IAPL.TOS program has an APL
keyboard mode in which certain keys produce different characters. I-APL
starts off in this mode, and you can switch to and from the normal keyboard
layout using the TAB key.
In APL mode, the following keys give their normal characters:
A-Z 0-9 ! ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? [ \ ] ^ ~
The shifted letters and other symbols are converted as follows:
{table as in PC/BBC/Arch manual}
Lower case letters can be entered either by switching back to the normal
keyboard layout using TAB, or by holding Control down whilst entering the
letters in APL mode.
Some additional APL characters are available by entering ALT + one of the
digits along the top of the keyboard. The characters produced are as follows:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
cents high-minus hash delta u-delta o-minus comma-minus lev nor nand
{replace these with symbols - see help screen bit WS@Ç @Æ ⇧ ÇÉ ≡æ pp⇩ ⓪ü ijé Σÿ ⇧ d ⇨ ⇧ PÇ @Æ ⇩ sf `Ç `Æ ⇩ sf pÇ |Æ ⇩ sf ÇÇ ÿÆ ⇩ sf ÉÇ œÆ ⇩ sf áÇ סÆ ⇩ sf ãÇ ∮Æ ⇩ sf ijÇ ✓ô ⇧ s סÇ $ô ⇧ s
αÇ @ô ⇧ s ≡Ç \ô ⇧ s♪ ü xô ⇧ s
ü öô ⇨ s╱ 0Ç É» 0ü ãô ⇩ s❎ Pü כô ⇧ a Éü tò ⇩ sf pü ץô ⇩ s⇦ áü (ö ⇧ a Çü °ô ⇩ s⇩ `ü ④ö ⇧ a αü Éò ⇩ sf ijü 8ö ⇩ s◆ ≡ü Çö ⇧ a סü Tö ⇩ s⇨ ãü pö ⇧ a @é ¼ò ⇩ sf é Éö ⇩ s⇧ ⓪é ¼ö ⇧ a é ¶ö ⇧ k 0é זö ⇧ l @ü ⌠ö ⇧ `é כò ⇧ a â ⌠ù ⇧ t áé ץò ⇧ a Éé סù ⇧ t pé ijù ⇧ a αé ץù ⇧ t ãé ∮ò ⇧ l סé pû ⇧ l @ä ≡ÿ ⇧ d ⓪â êû ⇦ s Pé Φù ⇧ d αâ áÿ ⇧ t `â ÿ ⇨ s â ñû ⇧ t @â גû ⇧ a ⓪ä @ÿ ⇧ t Pâ קû ⇨ s pâ ≡û ⇧ a Çâ ÿ ⇧ t Éâ ⇦ù ⇧ a ≡â (ÿ ⇧ t áâ ④ù ⇧ l ãâ pù \ s ijâ îù 9 s Çé ¿ù ⇧ l På $á ⇧ a ä זÿ ⇧ a 0â 4ÿ ⇧ d Ç ןÿ ⇧ t ä Lÿ ⇩ s 0ä hÿ ⇩ sq ≡é äÿ ⇩ sq Pä ⁿÿ ⇩ s `ä Ö ⇧ t Éà <Ö ⇧ l Pà <Ü ⇧ l Éä p£ ⇧ l ç ג£ ⇧ l pä 0Ü ⇧ d @à œ¢ ⇧ a סä hÖ ⇧ t αä ÿÖ ⇨ s ≡ä œÖ s à סÖ ⇧ l Çà Ü ⇧ l ãä ö¢ ⇧ t ⓪ë ÿó ⇧ t `à ñÜ ⇧ d ãà ג¢ ⇧ a pà TÜ ⇧ t סà ãÜ ⇧ l 0à îÜ ⇧ l å ⑧Ü ⇧ t ijä \Ö ⇧ d ijà `¢ ⇧ d 0å ק¢ ⇧ l ≡à l¢ ⇩ s αà זÜ ⇧ t å ¢ ⇧ a ⓪à ê¢ ⇧ t ⓪å ④¢ ⇧ l áà H¢ ⇧ l áä $Ü ⇧ t ≡å ⑧£ ⇧ l áè ɪ ⇧ t Çç 4á ⇧ t Çå Lƒ ⇧ d ⓪ç Pá ⇧ t ãå Xƒ ⇩ s áå °¥ ⇧ t ijå ß ⇧ a סå tƒ ⇧ t αå ,ß ⇧ a ç ǃ ⇧ t @ç <ß ⇧ l áç 0£ ⇧ l Éç ץ£ ⇧ l 0ç \á ⇧ a סç îƒ ⇧ d Çê lá ⇧ t Pç äß ⇧ t `ç áß ⇦ s pç ¶ß ⇧ l `å 4ƒ ⇧ l på @á ⇧ a 0ë l¥ ⇧ l ijç H£ ⇧ d סâ ⑧á ⇧ t Çä T£ ⇩ s αç ÿƒ ⇧ t ≡ç גƒ ⇧ a ê קƒ ⇧ t DFTYPE is to convert vectors to/from character
vectors for reading/writing with DFREAD/DFWRITE. In this case, problems
are only likely to occur in converting boolean vectors. The vector
should be padded out so that the length is a multiple of 8. The
following expression will do this for boolean vector X: X,(7-8|(pX)-1)p0
that Escape does not cause an interrupt; it is returned like any other
key.
clear INBUF string
This command puts keypresses into the keyboard buffer; the keypresses
are those in character vector 'string'. Any normal characters may be
used, and in addition those returned by INKEY above. The keypresses
are inserted at the end of the buffer; ie they become the next
keypresses to be read. 'clear' is either 0 or 1: if it is one then
the keyboard buffer is cleared before the keypresses are inserted.
If the buffer becomes full then no warning is given - the excess keys
are discarded. You will find that the excess keys are discarded from
the beginning rather than the end of the string.
WSDOC string
This lists all the functions in the workspace whose names begin with
the characters contained in 'string'. It is possible for 'string' to
be '', producing a list all functions.
DDDOC string
As for WSDOC above, except that only direct definition functions are
listed.
DFDOC string
As for WSDOC, except that only defined functions are listed.
SUMMARY
Displays a summary of all the functions in the workspace using their
comments.
Examples:
{example text as in EX2}
---- 5.3 Full screen text functions ------------------------------------------
The functions found in the FSCREEN workspace (Full SCREEN text) are used to
control the text display on the command screen. Text can be written to the
screen and read off it. The cursor can be moved, and the scrolling output
window normally used for text display can be restricted to a smaller portion
of the screen.
Coordinates of character cells are given as two-element vectors of the form:
(row,column). The top row is row 0, and the left-most column is column 0.
FSLIMITS
This function returns the size of the full text screen. The result is
a two-element integer vector containing the number of rows and columns,
respectively, on the screen.
~a FSPUT row column
Puts a character scalar, vector or 2-dimensional array ~a onto the
screen with the top-left corner of the block of text at position
(row,column). Characters that would be off the screen are ignored.
The function returns 0 0p0.
FSGET row col nrows ncols
Gets a block of characters off the screen. The block is 'nrows' rows
high and 'ncols' columns wide, and its top-left corner is at (row,col).
The block is returned as a 2-dimensional character array. Any
characters in the block that are off the screen are returned as spaces
in the array.
char FSFILL row col nrows ncols
Fills an area of the screen with a single character 'char' (a character
scalar). The area is 'nrows' high and 'ncols' wide, with its top-left
corner at (row,col). If part of the area is off the screen, then this
part is ignored. The function returns 0 0p0.
FSCURSOR ~i0
The current cursor position is returned as a two-element vector
containing the row and column positions respectively.
FSCURSOR row column
The cursor is moved to the position (row,column), and the previous
cursor position is returned as a two-element vector. If the new cursor
position is off the screen then the old position is retained. Note
that all printing and input occurs at the cursor position, so moving
the cursor allows this to be controlled.
FSWINDOW row col nrows ncols
This sets the size and position of the scrolling window used for normal
character input and output of text. The window is set to be 'nrows'
high and 'ncols' wide, with its top-left at (row,col). If the window
specified is not entirely inside the full screen, then nothing happens.
Otherwise the new window is set and the cursor is moved to the top-left
corner of this new window, in other words to (row,col). The window is
not cleared. The function returns 0 0p0.
Note that changing the position and size of the scrolling window has no effect
at all on the coordinates used to describe character positions - (0,0) still
refers to the top-left corner of the full screen, whatever the position of the
window. Also note that, although quad and quote-quad input and output can't
change the screen outside the window, the FS functions can still freely use the
whole screen.
FSWINDOW does not change #PW. This means that I-APL may try to display arrays
etc. wider than the window in use. Characters printed beyond the right edge
of the window are ignored. Pressing Escape restores the scrolling window to
the full screen again.
For programs designed to work on the ST in all modes, a maximum screen size of
25 rows and 80 columns must be used, even though 33 rows are available in high
resolution.
Examples:
{example text as in EX3}
---- 5.4 The pixel graphics functions ----------------------------------------
The pixel graphics functions are designed to allow the display of points,
lines, triangles, blocks and text in all three of the ST's screen modes. They
also have the feature of emulating a screen mode if it is not available; so,
for example a program that generates a low resolution colour picture will still
run with a monochrome monitor, only using shades instead of colours.
To use the pixel graphics functions contained in the PGRAPH workspace, the
PGRAPH module must be installed - ie it should appear in the module list when
I-APL starts up; see the end of chapter 4 if it is not installed. When this
module is installed, a separate graphics screen is created. This screen is
completely independent of the main (command) screen, so pictures can be built
up bit by bit with direct commands without the display becoming corrupted. To
switch between the two screens use the UNDO key. The graphics screen is
automatically displayed when it is cleared (using PGCLS), and the command
screen is switched to whenever a keyboard input is required.
The graphics functions offer four modes (numbered 0 to 3). Mode 0 is low
resolution colour with 16 colours available (0-15). The default palette (which
is set whenever the screen is cleared) has 0,1,14,15 as black, dark grey, light
grey and white, and colours 2 to 13 as the colours round the colour wheel - see
the examples. The palette can be redefined after the screen has been cleared
if necessary.
Mode 1 is medium resolution colour with 4 colours. The default colours for 0
to 3 are: black, red, yellow and white. Mode 2 is high resolution monochrome
with 17 shades available, from 0 (the background colour) to 16 (the foreground
colour). Lines are drawn thickened, as if with points of 2x2 (hi-res) pixels.
This makes the shades of lines more obvious and also allows the medium res
colour emulation of the hi-res screen to look almost identical. This mode is
the best for producing near-identical output on all ST's.
Mode 3 is another high resolution mode, again with 17 shades. However in this
mode lines are drawn thin on a hi-res screen. This allows finely detailed
displays to be built up; but note that the medium resolution emulation uses
thick lines - as if mode 2 was used.
There are three further modes used internally - modes 4, 5 and 6. These are
the emulation modes. Mode 4 is mode 0 emulated on monochrome, using shades to
represent the colours. Mode 5 is mode 1 emulated on monochrome, again using
shades for colours. Mode 6 is the medium resolution emulation of both modes 2
and 3; 17 shades are used, but the vertical resolution is half that of a
monochrome screen. These modes do not need to be selected directly - they are
switched to automatically if the requested mode (0-3) is not available.
The coordinate system used is the same in all the modes. The top-left corner
of the screen is the origin (0,0); the bottom-right corner is (639,399). In
other words, the screen is treated as having 640x400 pixels, even if low or
medium resolution is being used. For the colour modes, these 'logical'
coordinates (based on 640x400) are converted internally to the actual
'physical' coordinates of the screen being used (either 320x200 or 640x200)
whenever an object is drawn. These conversions are invisible - you can act as
if you had a 640x400 screen.
All of the drawing commands perform full clipping. In other words, if you try
to draw an object that is partially or completely off the screen, there will
be no problem; the command will produce a result as if the 640x400 screen is
just a window on a much larger drawing surface.
These are the commands; they all return 0 0p0. Note that where a lower-case
name is included in a command description, it should be replaced by the
relevant number or list of numbers. If a variable is to be used instead,
remember to join it to any other numbers or variables forming the vector with
the comma ('join') operator. If a name is in square brackets, this indicates
that it is optional. A list of names in curly brackets indicates a sequence
that can be repeated over and over. See the examples if you are confused.
'colour' represents a colour or shade; ie a number from 0-15, 0-3 or 0-16
depending on the mode.
PGCLS mode [ colour ]
Clear the graphics screen, and set it up for mode 'mode' (0 to 3). The
screen is cleared to colour (or shade) 'colour', or by default to
colour 0. The origin is set to be (0,0) and the plot style is reset to
be dots. The palette is initialised for colour modes. This command
also displays the graphics screen.
[ colour ] PGRGB { red green blue }
Set the colour palette for mode 0 or 1, starting at colour 'colour'
(defaulting to colour 0). The right argument is taken in chunks of
three integers. Each group of three integers represents one colour;
the integers represent the red, green and blue levels (respectively)
for the colour required, on a scale from 0 to 15 (black to full
intensity). As many palette colours are set as there are groups of
three integers on the right.
Note that, whereas on a colour screen PGRGB changes the colours actually
displayed on the screen, in the monochrome emulation PGRGB has no effect on the
displayed screen; it only changes the shades used to plot future objects.
The following commands all draw a number of graphic objects; the right argument
contains the list of coordinates, and the left argument contains the list of
colours or shades ('clist'). There may be less colours (or shades) listed than
there are objects to be drawn; in this case the list of colours is repeated
over and over until all the objects are done. So, for example, if 'clist'
consisted of a single colour, then this colour would be used for all the
objects; if a pair of colours were given then these would be used alternately;
and so on. If no colour list is given then the default colour is used - which
is 15, 3, 16 or 16, respectively, for modes 0 to 3.
[ clist ] PGPLOT { x y }
Plot the points listed on the right with the colours on the left.
Normally the points are plotted as dots, but if a different point
style has been set up with PGSTYLE then this is used instead.
[ clist ] PGLINE { x1 y1 x2 y2 }
Draw the lines listed on the right. Each group of four integers is
treated as a pair of coordinates; the line is drawn from (x1,y1) to
(x2,y2).
[ clist ] PGDRAW { dx dy }
Draw lines relative; each pair of coordinates is taken to be an offset
from the last point plotted or drawn to. A line is drawn from the last
point to this new point. This continues until the list is exhausted.
So, for example 'PGDRAW 0 10 10 0 0 ~`10 ~`10 0' draws a square with a
corner on the last point plotted or drawn to.
[ clist ] PGTRIANG { x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 }
Draw filled in triangles; each group of six integers on the right is
taken as three coordinates, which form the three corners of the
triangle to be drawn.
[ clist ] PGBLOCK { x1 y1 x2 y2 }
Draw filled in blocks; (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are any two opposite
corners of the (rectangular) block to be drawn.
Note that, although all the right arguments above have been specified to be
vectors, any shape of array of integers may be used; the array is effectively
reshaped to a vector and then split up into groups of integers corresponding to
the objects to be drawn. So, for example, when drawing triangles, it is often
easier to work with an array of six columns in which each row represents one
triangle. This array can be passed directly to PGTRIANG for drawing.
PGORIGIN x y
This sets the graphics origin to position (x,y) relative to the
top-left corner of the screen. This new origin affects all of the
following commands. So, if 'PGORIGIN 320 200' is executed, all
commands would now act as if (0,0) was at the centre of the screen.
Top-left would be (-320,-200) and bottom-right would be (319,199).
The only command that is immune to this origin change is PGORIGIN
itself.
PGSTYLE { x1 y1 x2 y2 }
As was mentioned above, you can change the style in which points are
displayed by PGPLOT to something other than dots. The new shape
required must be specified as a series of lines whose coordinates are
given relative to the point to be plotted: (x1,y1) to (x2,y2). A
maximum of 8 lines may be used. For example, after the command:
'PGSTYLE 10 0 ~`10 0 0 10 0 ~`10', all points would be plotted as
crosses. To set the point style back to dots, pass a null vector on
the right (ie ~i0).
x y [ handle [ colour ] ] PGTEXT text
This command displays text on the screen; 'text' may be a character
scalar, vector of characters, or two-dimensional array of characters.
The font used is the system 6x6 font, with APL characters added. It is
displayed 12 pixels high and 6 pixels wide in all modes except mode 0
in which it is displayed in 12x12 pixels (using 640x400 coords). The
reason for not allowing 6x6 in high resolution is that this would make
the text unreadable when emulated in medium resolution.
'x' and 'y' usually give the coordinate of the top-left corner of the
resulting block of text. However if 'handle' is present, then this
specifies that (x,y) is the coordinate of a different point on the
block. 'handle' is a number from 1 to 9 - the meaning is made clear by
looking at your numeric keypad. The normal value is 7 - specifying the
top-left corner. If you want to place the block according to its
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